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Arthur (supp. fl. in or before 6th cent.), legendary warrior and supposed king of Britain, has an attested career that is entirely posthumous. From obscure beginnings in British legend, he became internationally known in the twelfth century, particularly through the success of Geoffrey of Monmouth's...

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Caesar (100– bc44) head © Copyright The British Museum

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Caesar [Gaius Julius Caesar] (100–44 bc), politician, author, and military commander, was born on 13 Quinctilis (July) 100 bc, probably at Rome, the son of Gaius Julius Caesar, a patrician of old but recently undistinguished family whose brother-in-law was Gaius Marius, and Aurelia...

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Ealdred (d. 933?), leader of the Northumbrians, was the son of Eadulf and lord of Bamburgh. He was the most important Anglo-Saxon in Northumbria during the early tenth century, a time of renewed viking activity, and the last representative of an independent Anglo-Saxon royal family in the north. His father, ...

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Edward [Edward of Woodstock; known as the Black Prince], prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376), heir to the English throne and military commander, was the eldest son of Edward III (1312–1377) and Philippa of Hainault (1310x15?–1369).

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Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376) tomb effigy by kind permission of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury; photographer: Mrs Mary Tucker

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Mapondera, Kadungure (1840s–1904), warrior chief in Africa, was born at Nyota, a mountain stronghold of the Negomo dynasty, in what is now northern Mashonaland, Zimbabwe. Mapondera's mother, Mwera, was a mhondwa, a slave wife, but there is no agreement as to who his father was. Some accounts favour ...

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Te Rauparaha (d. 1849) by John Alexander Gilfillan, c. 1842 Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa

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Te Rauparaha (d. 1849), Maori chief and war leader, was said to have been born shortly before Captain James Cook visited New Zealand, perhaps in 1768, at Te Taharoa, south of Kawhia, on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand...

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Potatau Te Wherowhero (c. 1775–1860) by George French Angas, pubd 1847 Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand, Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa

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Te Wherowhero, Potatau (c. 1775–1860), Maori king and war leader, was born in the late eighteenth century, possibly between 1770 and 1780, and probably in central Waikato in the North Island of New Zealand. He was the eldest son of the Waikato war leader and (...