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Article

Æthelberht [St Æthelberht, Ethelbert] (779/80–794), king of the East Angles  

Andy Todd

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Æthelberht [St Æthelberht, Ethelbert] (779/80–794), king of the East Angles, was the son of King Æthelred of the East Angles and was executed in 794 by order of King Offa of Mercia, as a result of which he came to be regarded as a royal martyr. His cult, which probably started life as a focus for resistance to ...

Article

Æthelberht (d. 865), king of the West Saxons  

Sean Miller

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Æthelberht (d. 865), king of the West Saxons, was the third of the five sons of Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons, and his first wife, Osburh (839), herself descended from the West Saxon royal line. Shortly before Æthelwulf went to ...

Article

Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966x8–1016), king of England  

Simon Keynes

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Æthelred II [Ethelred; known as Ethelred the Unready] (c. 966x8–1016), king of England, was the younger son of King Edgar (r. 959–75) and his wife, Ælfthryth (d. 999x1001), daughter of Ealdorman Ordgar. The separate elements of his name (Æthel-ræd) mean '...

Article

Æthelstan [Athelstan] (893/4–939), king of England  

Sarah Foot

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Æthelstan [Athelstan] (893/4–939), king of England, was the eldest son of King Edward the Elder (870s?–924), with his first wife, Ecgwynn.

Article

Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons  

Janet L. Nelson

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Æthelwulf (d. 858), king of the West Saxons, was the son of Ecgberht (d. 839), king of the West Saxons. His mother's identity is unknown; no siblings are recorded. He was sent by his father to take control of Kent in 825. In 838 ...

Article

Aigueblanche, Peter d' [Peter de Aqua Blanca] (d. 1268), bishop of Hereford and royal councillor  

Nicholas Vincent

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Aigueblanche, Peter d' [Peter de Aqua Blanca] (d. 1268), bishop of Hereford and royal councillor, was descended from the family of Briançon, holders of the lordship of Aigueblanche (Savoie) in the Tarentaise or valley of the upper Isère, dependants of the counts of Savoy...

Article

Alcuin [Albinus, Flaccus] (c. 740–804), abbot of St Martin's, Tours, and royal adviser  

D. A. Bullough

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Alcuin [Albinus, Flaccus] (c. 740–804), abbot of St Martin's, Tours, and royal adviser, was a major figure in the revival of learning and letters under the Frankish king and emperor, Charlemagne (r. 768–814).

Article

Alexander III (1241–1286), king of Scots  

Norman H. Reid

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Alexander III (1241–1286), king of Scots, was the only son of Alexander II (1198–1249) and Marie de Coucy (d. 1284). When Alexander II died on 8 July 1249, the Scottish crown passed to his son. Born at Roxburgh on 4 September 1241, and so aged just a little under eight years, this child was inaugurated as ...

Article

Alexander II (1198–1249), king of Scots  

Keith Stringer

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Alexander II (1198–1249), king of Scots, was born on 24 August 1198 at Haddington, the only son (there were also three daughters) of William (William the Lion), king of Scots (c. 1142–1214), and his wife, Ermengarde (d. 1233), daughter of Richard, vicomte de Beaumont-sur-Sarthe...

Article

Alexander I (d. 1124), king of Scots  

A. A. M. Duncan

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Alexander I (d. 1124), king of Scots, was the fifth son of Malcolm III (d. 1093) and his second wife, Margaret (d. 1093), and was possibly named after Pope Alexander II (r. 1061–73). He is presumed to have left Scotland when his father and mother died in 1093 and to have returned when his older brother ...

Article

Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899), king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons  

Patrick Wormald

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Alfred [Ælfred] (848/9–899), king of the West Saxons and of the Anglo-Saxons, was born at Wantage. He was the youngest of at least six children of King Æthelwulf of Wessex (d. 858) and of Osburh, daughter of Oslac, the king's butler (said to be descended from the family that founded the kingdom of the ...

Article

Anne [née Anne Hyde], duchess of York (1637–1671), first wife of James II  

John Miller

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Anne [née Anne Hyde], duchess of York (1637–1671), first wife of James II, was born on 12 March 1637 at Cranbourne Lodge, Windsor Park, the eldest daughter of Sir Edward Hyde (1609–1674), created earl of Clarendon in 1661, and Frances, daughter of ...

Article

Anne [Anna, Anne of Denmark] (1574–1619), queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, consort of James VI and I  

Maureen M. Meikle and Helen Payne

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Anne [Anna, Anne of Denmark] (1574–1619), queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, consort of James VI and I, was born on 12 December 1574 at Skanderborg Castle in Jutland, Denmark. She was the second daughter of Frederick II (1534–1588), king of Denmark and Norway...

Article

Anne [Anne of Bohemia] (1366–1394), queen of England, first consort of Richard II  

Nigel Saul

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Anne [Anne of Bohemia] (1366–1394), queen of England, first consort of Richard II, was the eldest daughter of the Emperor Charles IV and his fourth wife, Elizabeth of Pomerania. She was born at Prague on 11 May 1366. Little is known of her early life, but it is likely that she received an informal education at court. Her marriage to the ...

Article

Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502)  

Rosemary Horrox

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Arthur, prince of Wales (1486–1502), was born at St Swithun's Priory, Winchester, on 19 September 1486, the eldest son of Henry VII (1457–1509) and his wife, Elizabeth of York (1466–1503), the eldest daughter of Edward IV, whom Henry had married on 18 January 1486, in fulfilment of an oath made at Christmas 1483. ...

Article

Baldred (fl. c. 823–827), king of Kent  

S. E. Kelly

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Baldred (fl. c. 823–827), king of Kent, is a very obscure figure. In 823 the Mercian king Ceolwulf, who had ruled Kent as part of the Mercian kingdom, was deposed and replaced by Beornwulf (d. 826?). At about this time the moneyers of the ...

Article

Balliol, Edward (b. in or after 1281, d. 1364), claimant to the Scottish throne  

Bruce Webster

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Balliol, Edward (b. in or after 1281, d. 1364), claimant to the Scottish throne, was the eldest son of John (John Balliol), king of Scots (c. 1248x50–1314), and Isabel, daughter of John de Warenne, sixth earl of Surrey (d. 1304). He was probably born soon after their marriage, which took place before February 1281. He had a younger brother, ...

Article

Beauchamp, Richard, thirteenth earl of Warwick (1382–1439), magnate  

Christine Carpenter

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Beauchamp, Richard, thirteenth earl of Warwick (1382–1439), magnate, was the eldest son of Thomas Beauchamp, twelfth earl of Warwick (1337x9–1401), and of Margaret (d. 1407), daughter of William, third Lord Ferrers of Groby.

Article

Beaufort, Henry [called the Cardinal of England] (1375?–1447), bishop of Winchester and cardinal  

G. L. Harriss

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Beaufort, Henry [called the Cardinal of England] (1375?–1447), bishop of Winchester and cardinal, was the second of four illegitimate children of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster (1340–1399), and Katherine Swynford (1350?–1403), daughter of the Hainaulter Sir Payn Roelt, who was governess to the duke's children [...

Article

Beaufort, Margaret [known as Lady Margaret Beaufort], countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509), royal matriarch  

Michael K. Jones and Malcolm G. Underwood

Publication History:

Published in print:
23 September 2004
Published online:
23 September 2004

Beaufort, Margaret [known as Lady Margaret Beaufort], countess of Richmond and Derby (1443–1509), royal matriarch, was born on 31 May 1443, the daughter and heir of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset (1404–1444), from his marriage to Margaret (d. 1482), widow of ...